Perfil do consumo dos benzodiazepínicos nos anos de 2019 e 2020 no brasil e regiões / Profile of the benzodiazepines in the years 2019 e 2020 in Brazil and regions / Perfil de consume y hospitalizaciones de los benzodiacepinas en los años 2019 y 2020 enBrasil y regiones

Os benzodiazepínicos estão entre os medicamentos mais prescritos, principalmente em países ocidentais, onde estimativas mostram um consumo anual de 1% a 3% da população.Objetivo:Estudar o perfil do consumo dos benzodiazepínicosnos anos de 2019-2020. Metodologia:Foram estudadas a taxa de desocupação segundo o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, consumo dos benzodiazepínicosa partir do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Produtos Controlados da Agencia de Vigilância Sanitáriae quantidade de internações por envenenamento com exposição (acidental ou proposital), auto-intoxicação e efeitos adversos aos anticonvulsivantes, sedativos, hipnóticos, antiparkinsonianos e psicotrópicos segundo o Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil. Resultados:A região Norte e Nordeste apresentou um aumento na taxa de desocupação. O rendimento nominal mensal domiciliar per capitada população residente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste se manteveabaixo de 01 salário-mínimo nos anos de 2019 e 2020. De 2019 para 2020, o princípio ativo mais utilizado dos benzodiazepínicos industrializados foi o Clonazepam com incremento de 9,81% no Brasil e 22,52% na região Nordeste. Todas as formas farmacêuticas manipuladas apresentaram umaredução no consumo de 2019 para 2020, com exceção da forma em mililitros que apresentou um incremento para o bromazepam (42,1%), clonazepam (8,76%) e diazepam (5,27%). De 2020 em relação a 2019, ocorreu um incrementode 119,05% e 25% nas regiões Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, respectivamente, nasinternações por envenenamento [intoxicação] por exposição, a anticonvulsivantes (antiepilépticos), sedativos, hipnóticos, antiparkinsonianos e psicotrópicos não classificados em outra parte, intenção não determinada. Conclusões:Ocorreu um aumento no consumo de benzodiazepínicosindustrial no ano de 2020 sendo o envenenamento [intoxicação] umadas principais causasde internação. Há necessidade de um controle do consumo e vigilância aos psicotrópicos visto que estes fármacos estão dentre aqueles com risco de internações devido àexposição acidental ou não, autointoxicaçãoou efeitos adversos (AU).

Benzodiazepines are among the most prescribed drugs, especially in Western countrieswhere estimates show an annual consumption of 1% to 3% of the population.Objective: To study the profile of benzodiazepinesconsumptionfrom the National Controlled Products Management System of the Sanitary Surveillance Agencyin the years 2019 and 2020.Methodology:The unemployment rate,according to theBrazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics,benzodiazepines consumptionfrom the National Controlled Products Management System of the Sanitary Surveillance Agency, and the number of hospitalizations due to poisoning with exposure (accidental or intentional), self-intoxication, and adverse effects to anticonvulsants, sedatives, hypnotics, antiparkinsonian drugs and psychotropic drugs according to the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System in Brazil were studied.Results:The North and Northeast regions showed an increase in the unemployment rate. The nominal monthly household income per capita of the population residing in the North and Northeast regions remained below 01 minimum wage in the years 2019 and 2020. From 2019 to 2020, the most used active substanceof industrialized benzodiazepines was Clonazepam with an increase of 9.81% in Brazil and 22.52% in the Northeast region. All compounded pharmaceutical forms showed a reduction in consumption from 2019 to 2020, with the exception of the form in milliliters which showed an increase for bromazepam (42.1%), clonazepam (8.76%) and diazepam (5.27%). In 2020 compared to 2019, there was an increase of 119.05% and 25% in the Northeast and Midwest regions, respectively, in hospitalizations for poisoning[intoxication] due to exposure toanticonvulsants (antiepileptics), sedatives, hypnotics, antiparkinsonian drugs,and psychotropic drugs not elsewhere classified with intent undetermined.Conclusions:There was an increase in the consumption of industrial benzodiazepines in 2020, with poisoning [intoxication] being one of the main causes of hospitalization. There is a need to control the consumption andincrease the surveillance of psychotropic drugs becausethese drugs are among those that involverisk of hospitalization due to accidental or non-accidental exposure, self-intoxication or adverse effects (AU).

ntroducción: Las benzodiacepinas se encuentran entre los fármacos más recetados, especialmente en los países occidentales, donde se estima que de 1% al 3% de la poblaciónde estos países los consumen. Objetivo: Estudiar el perfil del consumo de benzodiacepinas en los años 2019-2020.Metodología: Se midieron la tasa de desempleo según elInstituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística, el consumo de benzodiacepinasdel Sistema Nacional de Gestión de Productos Controlados de la Agencia de Vigilancia Sanitariay el número de hospitalizaciones por intoxicación con exposición (accidental o intencional), además se estudiaron autointoxicaciones y efectos adversos a los anticonvulsivos, sedantes, hipnóticos, drogas contra el mal de Parkinsony psicotrópicossegún elDepartamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil.Resultados: Las regiones Norte y Nordeste presentaron aumento de la tasa de desempleo. El ingreso nominal mensual de los hogares per cápita de la población residente en las regiones Norte y Nordeste se mantuvo por debajo de 01 salario mínimo en los años 2019-2020. De 2019 a 2020, el principio activo más utilizado de las benzodiacepinas industrializadas fue el clonazepam con un aumento de 9,81% en Brasil y de22,52% en la región Nordeste. Todas las formas farmacéuticas compuestas mostraron una reducción en su consumo de 2019-2020, a excepción de la forma en mililitros que mostró un aumento para bromazepam (42,1%), clonazepam (8,76%) y diazepam (5,27%). En 2020 respecto a 2019, hubo un aumento del 119,05% y 25% en las regiones Noreste y Medio Oeste, respectivamente, en las hospitalizaciones por intoxicación por exposición aanticonvulsivos (antiepilépticos), sedantes, hipnóticos, drogas contra el mal de Parkinsony psicofármacos no clasificados en otra parte conintención indeterminada.Conclusiones: Hubo un aumento en el consumo de benzodiacepinas industriales en 2020, siendo las intoxicaciones una de las principales causas de hospitalización. Existe la necesidad de controlar el consumo y vigilancia de los psicofármacos, ya que estos fármacos se encuentran entre los de riesgo de hospitalización por exposición accidental o no accidental, autointoxicación o efectos adversos (AU).

Automedicación y riesgo de abuso con benzodiacepinas en pacientes adultos Lima-Perú, 2019 / Self-medication and risk of abuse with benzodiazepines in adults patients Lima-Peru, 2019

RESUMEN: Introducción: Las benzodiacepinas tienen potencial para generar abuso, por lo que, un consumo indiscriminado, a través de la venta sin prescripción y la práctica de automedicación, significaría un alto riesgo, producto de su abuso. Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre la automedicación con benzodiacepinas y el riesgo de abuso en pacientes de un hospital de Lima-Perú. Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico. Se encuestó a 874 participantes, se usó una encuesta para determinar datos demográficos, uso de benzodiacepinas y preguntas de la prueba de detección de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y sustancias (ASSIST, por sus siglas en inglés); se obtuvo estadística descriptiva y analítica. Resultados: Hubo más encuestadas del sexo femenino (74,5%), la mediana de edades fue de 52 años (rango intercuartílico: 40-62 años). De los adultos estudiados, 485 fueron considerados como consumidores de benzodiacepinas con receta médica y 389 sin receta médica. Los consumidores con receta médica y sin receta médica que necesitaron tratamiento fueron 129 (26,6%) y 245 (63,0%), respectivamente (p<0.001). Conclusión: Hay una mayor prevalencia de personas que necesitan tratamiento por abuso en consumidores sin receta médica que en el grupo de consumidores con receta médica, por lo que, existe una relación significativa entre la automedicación con benzodiacepinas y el riesgo de abuso; lo que requiere tratamiento en la población estudiada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Benzodiazepines have the potential to generate abuse, so an indiscriminate consumption, through the sale without prescription and the practice of self-medication, would mean a high risk due to their abuse. Objective: To establish the relationship between self-medication with benzodiazepines and the risk of abuse that requires treatment in adult patients of Hospital San Juan de Lurigancho, 2019. Methodology: It was an observational, correlational descriptive, transversal and prospective study. The sample size was 874 participants (95.0% confidence level; 80% power). Sampling was performed non-randomly. A survey was used to determine demographics, benzodiazepine use, and questions of Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Results: Of the study population, the most prevalent demographic data were female sex (74.5%), the median age was 52 years (interquartile range: 40-62 years), the age range 50-59 years (26.43%), married marital status (31.6%), secondary education level (48.4%) and occupation as a housewife (47.3%). Of adults studied, 485 were considered as consumers of benzodiazepines with prescription and 389 consumers without a prescription. Prescription and non-prescription consumers needing treatment were 129 (26.60%) and 245 (62.98%), respectively (p <0.001). Conclusion: There is a higher prevalence of people who need treatment for abuse in consumers without a prescription than in the group of consumers with a prescription so there is a significant relationship between self-medication with benzodiazepines and the risk of abuse that requires treatment in study population.

¿Cómo afrontar un paciente con dependencia a benzodiacepinas en atención primaria? Estrategias para la deshabituación / How to face a patient with benzodiazepine dependence in primary health care? Strategies for withdrawal

Las benzodiacepinas son fármacos ampliamente utilizados en atención primaria de salud. Su uso prolongado se ha convertido en un problema relevante dadas las consecuencias médicas que ocasionan, especialmente en adultos mayores. Entre otras, estas son: dependencia, deterioro cognitivo y riesgo de caídas. Además, los médicos que trabajan en atención primaria cuentan con pocas herramientas para ayudar al paciente en su deshabituación. Se realizó una búsqueda y revisión de la mejor evidencia disponible sobre estrategias prácticas para el médico no especialista en adicciones, para evitar la dependencia al momento de la prescripción inicial y en el paciente con uso prolongado y probablemente dependiente. Se encontraron 10 revisiones sistemáticas relevantes que mostraron evidencia a favor del uso de estrategias multifacéticas en la prescripción, disminución progresiva, cartas y consejería estandarizadas, farmacoterapia y psicoterapia cognitiva conductual. Una estrategia sencilla, eficaz y duradera para prescribir benzodiacepinas es informar al paciente de la necesidad de reducir su consumo, dándole por escrito la pauta de retirada, señalando sus posibles efectos y su solución. Debido a la evidencia disponible, se propone un modelo integrado y escalonado para el manejo del paciente usuario de benzodiacepinas, desde su prescripción hasta su descontinuación.

Benzodiazepines are widely used in primary health care, and their prolonged use is an important problem given the medical consequences particularly in older adults, such as dependence, cognitive impairment, and risk of falls, among others. Primary care doctors generally have few tools to help with managing withdrawal from benzodiazepines. We conducted a review of the best available evidence on practical strategies to avoid dependence at the time of the initial prescription, and to help the patient with prolonged and probably dependent use. We found ten relevant systematic reviews showing evidence in favor of the use of multifaceted prescription strategies, gradual dose reduction, standardized letters, standardized counseling, pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. For benzodiazepine withdrawal, a simple strategy that can be effective and long-lasting is to inform patients of the need to reduce consumption, giving them in writing the withdrawal guideline, indicating the possible effects of withdrawal and its solution. Given the available evidence, an integrated and step-by-step model is proposed for the management of the benzodiazepine user, from prescription to withdrawal.

La controversia científico-técnica sobre las benzodiacepinas en profesionales de la salud pública de Uruguay / A controvérsia científico-técnica sobre as benzodiazepinas entre profissionais de saúde pública do Uruguai / The scientific-technical controversy over benzodiazepines among public health professionals in Uruguay

Resumen La controversia científico-técnica internacional sobre las benzodiacepinas, intensa durante los años ochenta y noventa, cuestionó su lugar en la práctica clínica, por su potencialidad adictiva, y por el abuso que médicos y pacientes parecerían realizar. Este artículo presenta resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo analizar el papel de dicha controversia en las prácticas médica, psiquiátrica y psicológica en los servicios de salud pública uruguayos. Se utilizó metodología cualitativa y se combinó relevamiento de artículos académicos nacionales (1960-2012), entrevistas en profundidad a 45 profesionales y dos grupos de discusión. Se efectuó análisis de contenido desde cuatro ejes: ansiedad en la clínica, prescripción, relación tratamientos farmacológicos con no farmacológicos y valoración de benzodiacepinas. Se obtuvo un panorama diacrónico de la controversia académica y se identificó una valoración condicional de estos medicamentos realizada por los profesionales que supone: reconocimiento de atributos positivos y negativos de las benzodiacepinas, uso mesurado, médicos y pacientes vigilantes de sus propios comportamientos. Se concluye que la controversia se plantea en términos individuales, lo que obstaculiza una discusión global de las dimensiones políticas y colectivas implicadas.

Resumo A controvérsia científico-técnica internacional sobre as benzodiazepinas, intensa durante os anos 1980 e 1990, questionou seu lugar na prática clínica devido a sua potencialidade aditiva e pelo abuso que médicos e pacientes pareciam realizar. Este artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar o papel dessa controvérsia nas práticas médica, psiquiátrica e psicológica nos serviços de saúde pública do Uruguai. Utilizou-se metodologia qualitativa e combinou-se um levantamento de artigos acadêmicos nacionais (1960-2012), entrevistas em profundidade com 45 profissionais e dois grupos de discussão. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo a partir de quatro eixos: ansiedade na clínica, prescripção, relação entre tratamentos farmacológicos e não farmacológicos e avaliação das benzodiacepinas. Obteve-se um panorama diacrônico da controvérsia acadêmica e identificou-se uma avaliação condicional desses medicamentos realizada pelos profissionais, que supõe: reconhecimento de atributos positivos e negativos das benzodiazepinas, uso controlado, médicos e pacientes vigilantes de seus próprios comportamentos. Conclui-se que a controvérsia é levantada em termos individuais, o que obstaculiza uma discussão global das dimensões políticas e coletivas implicadas.

Abstract The international technoscientific controversy on benzodiazepines, especially intense during the 1980s and 1990s, questioned the place of benzodiazepines in clinical practice because of its addictive potentiality and the abuse of physicians and patients. This article presents some results from a research that aimed to analyze the role of benzodiazepine controversy in medical, psychiatric and psychological practices in Uruguayan public health services. This research methodology was qualitative, combining a review of national academic articles (1960-2012), in-depth interviews with 45 professionals and two discussion groups. Content analysis was carried out using four axes: anxiety in clinic practice, prescription, relationship between pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment, and benzodiazepines valoration. We obtained a diachronic pictures of the academic controversy and we identified a conditional assessment of these medicines made by the professionals. This assessment implies: the recognition of positive and negative attributes of benzodiazepines, a controlled use of benzodazepines, and professionals and patients that must watch their own behaviors. We conclude that the controversy is presented mainly in individual terms, and this prevents a global discussion on the political and collective dimensions involved.

Uso de benzodiazepinas en adultos mayores en América Latina / Benzodiazepine use in elderly population in Latin America

Background: Growing information has emphasized the risk of benzodiazepines (BZD), particularly among the elderly. However, the information available in Latin America is scarce. Aim: to review the available information on the use of BZD in older adults in Latin America to achieve an overview of the information currently available, and a thorough understanding of this phenomenon in our region. Methods: A systematic review with MeSH terms “elderly”, “latinamerican” and “benzodiazepines” was performed in PubMed and with each Latin American country. A search in databases SciELO and LILACS was also performed. In all, 126 items of finally selected 21 that met the inclusion criteria. Results: Studies show that consumption of benzodiazepines in the elderly population in Latin America is high, with a preponderance of long half-life benzodiazepines in women, and frequent self-medication. Conclusions: The revised articles establish the importance of further study of the phenomenon of the use of benzodiazepines in our elderly population. Strikingly, scientific information is scarce, with most studies coming from only one country (Brazil). Moreover, most of them are transversal and descriptive, with few studies that explore long-term side effects, or specific hypotheses. Further studies should address these important issues.

Incidencia del síndrome de abstinencia en niños críticamente enfermos / Incidence of withdrawal syndrome in critically ill children

Objetivo: determinar la incidencia del síndrome de abstinencia (SA), describir presentación clínica e identificar la presencia de factores de riesgo. Metodología: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, observacional, de evaluaciones reiteradas usando la Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale (SOWS), en la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo de Niños (UCIN) de 20 camas, del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Se incluyeron los niños ingresados en UCIN entre el 1 de noviembre de 2013 y el 30 de setiembre de 2014 tratados con benzodiacepinas y/o opiáceos por cinco días o más. Se registró: duración de la estadía, fármacos utilizados para sedación y analgesia, días de uso, máximo de dosis, dosis total acumulada. El diagnóstico de SA se realizó a través del uso de la SOWS. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos, con y sin SA. Se analizaron y compararon las características de ambos grupos. Resultados: se incluyeron 39 niños. La incidencia de SA fue 18% (7/39). Los ítems del SOWS más frecuentes fueron ansiedad y sueño menor a 1 hora. Los niños que desarrollaron SA presentaron dosis acumulativas más elevadas tanto de midazolam (54,1 mg/kg vs 44,2 mg/kg) como de fentanilo (464,2 mg/kg vs 380,1 mg/kg). Conclusiones: el SA fue frecuente en este grupo de niños. Las dosis acumulativas fueron mayores en el grupo con SA. La SOWS es una herramienta útil y de fácil aplicación para el diagnóstico de SA.

Objective: The study aims to determine the incidence of withdrawal syndrome, its clinical features and the presence of risk factors. Methodology: An observational and prospective study. Assessment was repeated and the Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale (SOWS) was used. The study was conducted at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Hospitalized children in PICU between 1/11/2013- 30/9/2014 and treated with benzodiazepines and opioids during 5 days or more were included in the study. Days of stay at the PICU, agents used for sedation (dose, duration) and cumulative doses were recorded. Withdrawal syndrome diagnosis was done using the SOWS. Results: 39 children were included in the study. The incidence of withdrawal syndrome was 18% (7/39). Children who developed withdrawal syndrome presented higher cumulative doses of midazolam (54.1 mg/kg vs. 44.2 mg/kg) and fentanyl (464.2µg/kg vs. 380.1 µg/kg) than those without withdrawal syndrome. Conclusions: the withdrawal syndrome was frequent in this population. Cumulative doses of midazolam and fentanyl were higher in those with withdrawal symptoms. The SOWS is a useful resource for diagnosis.

Características do uso e da dependência de benzodiazepínicos entre usuários: atenção primária à saúde / Characteristics of benzodiazepine use and dependence: primary health care / Características del uso y la dependencia de las benzodiacepinas: la atención primaria de salud

Objetivo: analisar as características sociodemográficas, de história de uso e dependência de benzodiazepínicos. Método: estudo transversal, cuja amostra intencional foi composta de 219 usuários de benzodiazepínicos cadastrados em quatro equipes de saúde da família de um município da região Oeste de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre os meses de janeiro a maio de 2013, por meio da aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado. Para a tabulação e a análise descritiva dos dados utilizou-se os softwares Epidata 3.1 e EPINFO 6.04. Resultados: a maior parte de consumidores de benzodiazepínicos é do sexo feminino, com idade entre 53 e 60 anos. O Clonazepam foi o benzodiazepínico mais utilizado. Verificou-se que 181 indivíduos (82,6%) possuem dependência química de benzodiazepínicos. Conclusão: fatores como a imagem positiva, o baixo custo e troca de benzodiazepínicos, a medicalização de problemas pessoais, sóciofamiliares e profissionais, inadequações do tratamento contribuem para a dependência de benzodiazepínicos.

Objective: to analyze benzodiazepine users' socio-demographic characteristics, use history and dependence. Method: in this cross-sectional study of an intentional sample of 219 benzodiazepine users enrolled with four family health teams in the western Minas Gerais State, data was collected between January and May 2013 by applying an adapted questionnaire. Epidata 3.1 and EPINFO 6.04 software were used for data tabulation and descriptive analysis. Results: most of the benzodiazepine users were female, and 53 to 60 years old. Clonazepam was the benzodiazepine most commonly used, and 181 individuals (82.6%) were found to be chemically dependent on benzodiazepines. Conclusion: factors such as the positive image, low cost and swapping of benzodiazepines, medicalization of personal, social, family and professional problems, and treatment inadequacies contributed to benzodiazepine dependence..

Objetivo: analizar las características sociodemográficas, historial de uso y la dependencia de las benzodiacepinas. Métodos: estudio transversal, cuya muestra intencional fue compuesta por 219 usuarios de benzodiacepinas registrados en cuatro equipos de salud de la familia de una ciudad de la región oeste de Minas Gerais. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo entre los meses de enero a mayo de 2013, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario semiestructurado. Para la tabulación y el análisis descriptivo de los datos se utilizaron los softwares EpiData 3.1 y EPINFO 6.04. Resultados: la mayoría de los consumidores benzodiacepinas son mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 53 y 60 años. El Clonazepam fue el benzodiacepínico más utilizado. Se encontró que 181 pacientes (82,6%) tienen dependencia química a benzodiacepinas. Conclusión: los factores tales como la imagen positiva, el bajo costo y el intercambio de las benzodiacepinas, la medicalización de los problemas personales, sociales-familiares y profesionales y las inadecuaciones del tratamiento contribuyen a la dependencia a las benzodiacepinas.

Prescrição de benzodiazepínicos para adultos e idosos de um ambulatório de saúde mental / Prescription of benzodiazepines for adults and older adults from a mental health clinic

Resumo Foi objetivo deste estudo comparar as prescrições de benzodiazepínicos (bzd) em adultos e idosos quanto aos indicadores do uso apropriado. Estudo transversal de coleta de dados de pacientes atendidos no Ambulatório Municipal de Saúde Mental de Sorocaba/SP, entre março e novembro de 2013. Foram utilizados indicadores de uso apropriado: medicamento apropriado, com adequada posologia e duração de uso; como também, o uso de apenas um bzd, como ansiolítico por menos de 3 meses, no tratamento da depressão com antidepressivo, uso por menos de 2 meses se associado ao antidepressivo e o não uso de bzd de longa ação em idoso. Dos 330 participantes, a maioria era mulheres, com histórico familiar de transtorno mental e uso de bzd, não realizava acompanhamento com psicólogo e fazia uso de outros psicotrópicos e de polifarmácia (p > 0,05). A minoria das prescrições tinha indicação de uso do bzd (37,5% para idosos e 32,4% para adultos) (p > 0,05). Apenas 5,8% das prescrições para idosos e 1,9% para adultos eram racionais (p > 0,05). O uso crônico foi observado em todos os adultos e idosos com transtornos depressivos e ansiosos (p > 0,05). Uma minoria das prescrições de bzd para adultos e idosos era apropriada.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare benzodiazepine (bzd) prescriptions for adults and older adults regarding appropriate use indicator. It is a cross-sectional study for collecting data on patients treated at the City’s Mental Health Clinic in Sorocaba/SP, between March and December 2013. Appropriate use indicators were used: appropriate drug, with adequate posology and period of use; as well as the use of a single bzd, as anxiolytic for less than 3 months in depression treatment with antidepressants, use for less than 2 months if associated to an antidepressant and no use of long-acting bzd in older adults. From the 330 participants, most were women, with a family history of mental disorders and bzd use, without monitoring of a psychologist and using other psychotropic and polypharmacy (p>0.05).The minority of prescriptions had indication for the use of bzd (37.5% for older adults and 32.4% for adults) (p>0.05). Only 5.8% of the prescriptions for older adults and 1.9 for adults were rational (p>0.05). The chronic use was observed in all adults and older adults with depressive and anxiety disorders (p>0.05). A minority of prescriptions for adults and older adults was appropriate.

Benzodiazepinas y fractura de cadera: estudio de casos y controles / Benzodiazepines and hip fracture: case-control study

Introducción: las benzodiazepinas (BZD) son medicamentos ampliamente usados en la práctica clínica. Son eficaces en el tratamiento sintomático de ansiedad, insomnio a corto plazo, crisis epilépticas, síndrome de abstinencia alcohólica e inducción anestésica. En ancianos pueden tener efectos adversos como incoordinación motora y debilidad muscular que llevan a caídas, aumentando el riesgo de fractura de cadera. Objetivo: determinar si existe asociación entre el consumo de BZD y el riesgo de fractura de cadera. Material y método: se diseñó un estudio de casos y controles (1:2) durante seis meses (tres meses en 2013 y tres meses en 2014). Se definió “caso” a los pacientes con fractura traumática de cadera. Se definió “control” a pacientes de igual sexo y edad (± 5 años) que hubieran ingresado en la misma semana por una causa diferente (médica o quirúrgica). Se relevaron datos demográficos y consumo de medicamentos potencialmente involucrados en fracturas de cadera. Se consideró consumo de BZD, haberlas recibido durante cinco días previos a la fractura. Se calcularon odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de confianza 95%. Resultados: se obtuvieron 29 casos y 60 controles. La media de edad (DE) en el grupo casos fue de 82,8 (6,4) años y 82,1 (5,2) años en el grupo control (p > 0,05). Sexo femenino: 25 (86%) en el grupo casos y 49 (82%) en el grupo control (p > 0,05). Las BZD fueron consumidas por 16/29 (61,5%) casos y 13/60 (21,7%) controles (p < 0,05). Todos los pacientes que consumían BZD en ambos grupos lo hicieron por más de seis semanas. El OR de fractura de cadera en pacientes que consumían BZD fue de 4,5 (IC 95% 1,7-11,6). Conclusiones: se destaca que las BZD aumentan el riesgo de fractura de cadera y que se consumen por períodos no aconsejables. Deben desarrollarse políticas nacionales orientadas al uso racional de estos medicamentos.

Introduction: benzodiazepines (BZD) are widely used drugs in the clinical practice. They are effective in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety, short-term insomnia, epileptic seizures, alcohol withdrawal effect and anesthetic induction. In the elderly, they may cause adverse effect such as lack of motor coordination and muscle weakness which can lead to falling, increasing the risk of hip fracture. Objective: to determine whether the consumption of benzodiazepine may be associated with hip fracture. Method: a case-control study was designed (1:2) and conducted (three months in 2013 and three months in 2014) . A “case” was defined for patients with a traumatic hip injury. “Control” was defined for patients of same sex and age (± 5 años) who had been admitted in the same week for a different cause (medical or surgical). Demographic data was collected, as well as the consumption of drugs potentially involved in hip fracture. The study considered patients had consumed benzodiazepine when it had been received within five days prior to the fracture. Odd ratios were calculated and confidence intervals were 95%. Results: 29 cases and 60 controls were obtained. Average age (standard deviation) in the cases group was 82,8 (6.4) years old and 82.1 (5.2) years old in the control group (p > 0.05). Female: 25 (86%) in the cases group and 49 (82%) in the control group (p > 0.05). BZD were consumed by 16/29 (61.5%) cases and 13/60 (21.7%) controls (p < 0.05). All patients who had consumed BZD in both groups had done so for over six weeks. The odd ratio for hip fracture in patients who consumed BZD was 4.5 (confidence interval 95% - 1.7-11.6). Conclusions: the study points out that BZD increases the risk of hip fracture, and that patients consume it for non-advisable periods of time. National policies should be devised to encourage a rational use of these drugs.

Introdução: os benzodiazepínicos (BZD) são medicamentos muito utilizados na prática clínica. São eficazes no tratamento sintomático da ansiedade, insônia em curto prazo, crises epilépticas, síndrome de abstinência alcoólica e indução anestésica. Em pacientes idosos podem ter efeitos adversos como comprometimento da coordenação motora e debilidade muscular que podem causar quedas, aumentando o risco de fratura de qua­dril. Objetivo: determinar a existência de uma associa­ção entre o consumo de BZD e o risco de fratura de quadril. Material e método: um estudo de casos e controles (1:2) foi realizado durante seis meses (três meses em 2013 e três em 2014). Definiu-se como “caso” os pacientes com fratura traumática de quadril. Definiu-se como “controle” os pacientes de mesmo sexo e idade (± 5 anos) que foram admitidos na mesma semana por uma causa diferente (médica ou cirúrgica). Foram coletados dados demográficos e de consumo de medicamentos potencialmente relacionados com fratura de quadril. Considerou-se como consumo de BZD a ingestão durante os cinco dias prévios a fratura. Foram calculados o odds ratio (OR) e o intervalo de confiança 95%. Resultados: foram estudados 29 casos e 60 controles. A idade média (DE) no grupo casos foi 82,8 (6,4) anos e 82,1 (5,2) anos no grupo controle (p > 0,05). Sexo feminino: 25 (86%) no grupo casos e 49 (82%) no grupo controles (p > 0,05). Os BZD haviam sido consumidos por 16/29 (61,5%) casos e 13/60 (21,7%) controles (p < 0,05). Todos os pacientes, em ambos grupos, haviam consumido BZD por seis semanas. O OR de fratura de quadril em pacientes que consumiam BZD foi de 4,5 (IC 95% 1,7-11,6). Conclusões: destaca-se que os BZD aumentam o risco de fratura de quadril e que são consumidos por períodos não aconselháveis. Ë necessário desenvolver políticas nacionais buscando o uso racional destes medicamentos.

Meta-analysis on the efficacy and tolerability of the augmentation of antidepressants with atypical antipsychotics in patients with major depressive disorder

We assessed the efficacy and tolerability of the augmentation of antidepressants (ATDs) with atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) to treat patients with major depressive disorder. A retrograde study to identify relevant patient data included databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. Data from 17 trials, involving 3807 participants, were identified. The remission rate (RR) and overall response rate (ORR) of adjunctive treatment with AAPs were significantly higher than placebo treatment: RR=1.90 (95%CI=1.61-2.23, z=7.74, P<0.00001) and ORR=1.68 (95%CI=1.45-1.94, z=7.07, P<0.00001). We found that the short-term (4 weeks) treatment [ORR=1.70 (95%CI=0.98-2.95, Z=1.89, P=0.06)] was significantly different from the long-term (6-12 weeks) treatment [ORR=1.68 (95%CI=1.45-1.94, z=7.07, P<0.00001)]. No significant difference in ORR was observed between groups with or without sedative drugs. The discontinuation rate due to adverse effects was higher for adjunctive treatment with AAPs: ORR=3.32 (95%CI=2.35-4.70, z=6.78, P<0.00001). These results demonstrate that the augmentation of ATDs with AAPs (olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, and risperidone) was more effective than a placebo in improving response and remission rates, although associated with a higher discontinuation rate due to adverse effects.

Use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy: perception of teratogenic risk among physicians in two Latin American countries

Objective: Pregnant women and their health care professionals commonly believe that use of medications during pregnancy may be harmful to the unborn fetus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk perception of psychotropic drug use in pregnancy among physicians in different medical specialties. Method: This was a convenience survey conducted at outpatient clinics in the cities of Recife, Brazil, and La Plata, Bahía Blanca, and Buenos Aires, Argentina. Physicians who agreed to participate were asked to rate their perception of teratogenic risk among different classes of drugs, which included antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and benzodiazepines. Results: Two hundred and thirty-eight physicians completed the survey (response rate, 98%). These included psychiatrists, obstetricians, neurologists, cardiologists, gastroenterologists, and general practitioners. Among different specialties, a minority of psychiatrists perceived psychotropic drugs to be highly teratogenic (antidepressants, 12.5%; antipsychotics, 15%; benzodiazepines, 25%) as compared with other specialties (p < 0.003 for each drug class). There was no difference in perceived risk of antiepileptic drugs among specialties, including psychiatrists. Conclusion: The risk associated with use of psychotropic drugs in pregnancy was overestimated by physicians of all medical specialties, except psychiatry. All physicians should be aware of the safety/risk of psychotropic agents in pregnancy, as they may be required to give advice and/or prescribe these drugs to pregnant women. .

Uso prolongado de benzodiacepinas y estrategias para su deshabituación / Strategies for discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine use

Las benzodiacepinas son uno de los psicofármacos más usados en el mundo y durante estos últimos años ha producido gran atención debido al aumento en su indicación. Esto ha elevado también, los efectos adversos asociados al uso prolongado, especialmente la presencia de dependencia, la asociación con el deterioro cognitivo y el riesgo de caídas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia y el patrón de consumo de benzodiacepinas en el Cesfam Puertas Negras, junto a la efectividad de una intervención sistemática para disminuir o suspender el consumo en aquellos pacientes con dependencia. Método: Se cuantificó el número de pacientes con consumo crónico de benzodiacepinas a través del censo de Salud Mental. Posteriormente se evaluó el grado de dependendencia a través de criterios DMS IV y finalmente se ingresó a estos pacientes a un programa de descenso gradual. Resultados: Al ingreso se contaba con un total de 45 pacientes con consumo crónico de benzodiacepinas. Luego de la intervención para disminuir el consumo crónico, los pacientes disminuyeron en un 81 por ciento el consumo y se logró la suspensión en 12 pacientes. Discusión: Existe un uso indiscriminado de benzodiacepinas en la población del Cesfam Puertas Negras, como también una mala indicación del medicamento. A través de una intervención protocolizada se puede lograr la suspensión en un gran número de pacientes, pero es fundamental la creación de intervenciones a nivel de salud pública para fomentar su uso racional.

Cierre angular agudo bilateral inducido por benzodiazepinas / Bilateral acute angle closure induced by benzodiazepins

El cierre angular agudo o glaucoma agudo como es conocido mundialmente es un cuadro clínico característico producido por un cierre angular brusco, constituye una urgencia oftalmológica que pone en peligro la función visual si no es resuelto satisfactoriamente en las primeras horas de instaurado. El mecanismo fisiopatológico más frecuente es el bloqueo pupilar primario y el tratamiento de elección es la iridotomía láser periférica. Se debe realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con el bloqueo pupilar secundario y con otras causas sin bloqueo pupilar en las que la iridotomía no es suficiente. El cierre angular agudo es generalmente unilateral aunque se puede presentar de forma bilateral desencadenado por el empleo de drogas que producen dilatación pupilar como en el caso clínico que se describe a continuación

The acute angle closure or acute glaucoma as it is worldwide known is a characteristic clinical picture that is caused by sudden angle closure, It represents ophthalmological emergency that endangers the visual function if not satisfactorily solved in the first hours of occurrence. The most frequent physiopathological mechanism is primary pupil blocking and the treatment of choice is peripheral laser iridotomy. The differential diagnosis must be made with the secondary pupil blocking and with other causes without pupil blocking in which iridotomy is not enough. The acute angular closure is generally unilateral, although it may appear bilaterally and be caused by the use of drugs that give rise to pupil dilation like the clinical case which was described here

Recent evidence and potential mechanisms underlying weight gain and insulin resistance due to atypical antipsychotics

Objective: Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) promote obesity and insulin resistance. In this regard, the main objective of this study was to present potential mechanisms and evidence concerning side effects of atypical antipsychotics in humans and rodents. Method: A systematic review of the literature was performed using the MEDLINE database. We checked the references of selected articles, review articles, and books on the subject. Results: This review provides consistent results concerning the side effects of olanzapine (OL) and clozapine (CLZ), whereas we found conflicting results related to other AAPs. Most studies involving humans describe the effects on body weight, adiposity, lipid profile, and blood glucose levels. However, it seems difficult to identify an animal model replicating the wide range of changes observed in humans. Animal lineage, route of administration, dose, and duration of treatment should be carefully chosen for the replication of the findings in humans. Conclusions: Patients undergoing treatment with AAPs are at higher risk of developing adverse metabolic changes. This increased risk must be taken into account when making decisions about treatment. The influence of AAPs on multiple systems is certainly the cause of such effects. Specifically, muscarinic and histaminergic pathways seem to play important roles. .

Efecto de la sedación en el desarrollo de delirium en pacientes adultos mayores sometidos a cirugía con anestesia espinal: estudio clínico prospectivo / Effect of sedation in the development of delirium in elderly patients undergoing surgery with spinal anesthesia: a prospective clinical study

Determinar la ocurrencia de delirium postoperatorio en pacientes adultos mayores sometidos a cirugía con anestesia espinal con y sin sedación. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio clínico prospectivo descriptivo, que incluyó todos los pacientes mayores de 65 años que se sometieron a cirugía traumatológica o urológica electiva con anestesia espinal en un período de 3 meses. Para evaluar cuantitativamenteel delirium se utilizaron 2 herramientas: Test Mental Abreviado (AMT, por sus siglas en inglés) y Confussion Assessment Method (CAM) durante el postoperatorio inmediato, a las 24, 48 y 72 h; y se comparó la ocurrencia de delirium en los grupos con y sin sedación. Resultados: La incidencia de delirium postoperatorio fue del 50 por ciento en pacientes con sedación versus un 36,8 por ciento en quienes no la recibieron, lo que no demostró ser significativamente mayor (p = 0,268). Sin embargo, se encontró en ambos grupos un patrón de presentación temporal del delirium diferente, que si bien no fue significativo (p = 0,136), muestra una clara tendencia. Conclusiones: El delirium postoperatorio en el paciente anciano es una complicación frecuente, en el cual el uso de benzodiazepinas podría jugar un rol, tanto en su incidencia como en sus características temporales...

Determining the occurrence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing surgery with spinal anesthesia with or without sedation. Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective clinical study, which included all patients older than 65 years who underwent elective urological surgery or trauma with spinal anesthesia in a period of three months. To quantitatively evaluate delirium using 2 tools: Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) and Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) during the immediate postoperative period, at 24, 48 and 72 hours, and compared the occurrence of delirium in the groups with and without sedation. Results: The incidence of postoperative delirium was 50 percent in patients with sedation versus 36.8 percent in those who did not, which is not shown to be significantly higher (p = 0.268). However, both groups found a pattern of temporal presentation of delirium different, but was not significant (p = 0.136), showing a clear trend. Conclusions: Postoperative delirium in the elderly is a common complication in which the use of benzodiazepines may play a role in both its incidence and temporal characteristics...

Energy metabolism, leptin, and biochemical parameters are altered in rats subjected to the chronic administration of olanzapine / Metabolismo calórico, leptina e parâmetros bioquímicos se alteram em ratos submetidos à administração crônica de olanzapina

OBJECTIVES: Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug with affinities for dopamine, serotonin, and histamine binding sites appears to be associated with substantial weight gain and metabolic alterations. The aim of this study was to evaluate weight gain and metabolic alterations in rats treated with olanzapine on a hypercaloric diet. METHODS: We used 40 rats divided into 4 groups: Group 1, standard food and water conditions (control); Group 2, standard diet plus olanzapine; Group 3, cafeteria diet (hypercaloric); and Group 4, olanzapine plus cafeteria diet. Olanzapine was administered by gavage at a dose of 3 mg/kg for 9 weeks. RESULTS There were no significant changes in the cholesterol levels in any group. Glucose levels increased in Group 3 by the fourth week. Triglyceride levels were altered in group 2 toward the end of the experiment. Leptin levels decreased in Groups 2 and 4. Complex II activity in the muscles and liver was altered in Group 2 (muscle), and Groups 2, 3, and 4 (liver). Complex IV activity was altered only in the liver in Group 2, without significant alterations within the muscles. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that olanzapine is correlated with weight gain and the risks associated with obesity.

OBJETIVOS: A olanzapina, uma droga antipsicótica atípica com afinidade por locais de ligação de dopamina, serotonina e histamina, parece se associar a um ganho de peso e a alterações metabólicas consideráveis. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o ganho de peso e as alterações metabólicas em ratos tratados com olanzapina numa dieta hipercalórica. MÉTODOS: Usamos 40 ratos divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo 1, condições padrão de alimento e água (controle); Grupo 2, dieta padrão mais olanzapina; Grupo 3, dieta hipercalórica; e Grupo 4, olanzapina mais dieta hipercalórica. Olanzapina foi administrada por gavagem a uma dose de 3 mg/kg por 9 semanas. RESULTADOS: Não houve alterações significativas nos níveis de colesterol em qualquer um dos grupos. Os níveis de glicose aumentaram no Grupo 3 por volta da quarta semana. Os níveis de triglicerídeos estavam alterados no Grupo 2 ao final do experimento. Os níveis de leptina diminuíram nos Grupos 2 e 4. A atividade do complexo II nos músculos e no fígado se alterou no Grupo 2 (músculos) e nos Grupos 2, 3 e 4 (fígado). A atividade do complexo IV se alterou apenas no fígado no Grupo 2, sem alterações significativas nos músculos. CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem que olanzapina se correlaciona ao ganho de peso e aos riscos associados à obesidade.